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The radioactive isotopes used in medicine are mostly prepared in a couple of different ways. It is possible to extract a useful radionuclide form the spent fuel of a nuclear power plant; iodine-131 and molybdenum-99 are examples of isotopes prepared in this manner. Cyclotrons are used for other isotopes, an example being Fluoron-18, which is made by bombarding natural, stable, oxygen-18 with protons from a cyclotron. The radioactive atoms are often bound in molecules designed for particular jobs.

Nuclear medicine uses the radioactive materials for diagnostic purposes, since they can image things x-rays cannot detect or with smaller amounts of damaging radiation. Other radioactive materials are designed to be used therapeutically, for example to destroy cancer cells selectively.

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