A nova is when a star "dies", or runs out of fuel to burn and implodes, and the gravity makes it collapse in on itself. But it will effect any space objects near it like planets and asteroids. A supernova is when a huge star (usually a few times the size of our sun to 30 times the size)"dies" causing a giant implosion which will effect space objects and their gravity farther away than of any planets.
A hypernova [See related question]
Nova (plural novae) means "new" in Latin, The prefix "super-" distinguishes supernova from ordinary nova.
A supernova, or in the case of a smaller star, a nova.
Not the sun specifically, but a partial supernova was recently found to occasionally happen in two-star systems. See the related link below.
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A hypernova [See related question]
A supernova. See related question.
A supernova is when a massive star explodes. A neutron star is what can be formed after a supernova explosion. See related questions
A Supernova. See related question
super nova
An exploding star is called a supernova [See related question] About our Sun exploding [See related question]
The only date close to this that is Nova related was February 23rd when Supernova 1987A was observed.
Dangerous. Novas, or supernovas. Tycho Brahe coined the phrase "nova stellarum" when a "new star" appeared in the night sky. We now know that he was observing a supernova, the death throes of a very massive star.
Supernova
A binary star may, or may not, be related to a nova or supernova. In some specific cases, a supernova is specifically caused by a close binary system; but not all binary systems result in novas, and not all novas come from binary stars.
A nova or a supernova
A super nova isn't a person. A super-nova is a high mass star's explosion.