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think of sympathetic nervous system as 'normal'. The parasympathetic nervous system kicks into action when there are unusual changes within the body. If you are scared for example, or if you take a drug or are unwell due to a bug. The parasympathetic nerve widens pupils, makes you go to the toilet more often, increases heart rate, widens bronchia etc. hope this helps. Not all these things will happen with all drugs or all illnesses, just using these as a brief example.

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Q: How are the following organs affected by sympathetic and parasympathetic system heart intestines blood vessels bronchi and eyes?
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How does the synaptic nervous system affect the iris?

The iris is not innervated directly, however the iris sphincter muscle is affected by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Sympathetic stimulation causes pupil dilation while parasympathetic nervous system causes pupil constriction. The parasympathetic response is quicker because of the proximity of a parasympathetic ganglion (ciliary ganglion) to the eye. The sympathetic response is slower because all sympathetic ganglia are confined to the spinal cord. This is the reason why people adjust faster to a bright shining light than darkness.


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reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) was noticed during the civil war in patients who suffered pain following gunshot wounds that affected the median nerve (a major nerve in the arm).


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