As a general rule, the surface temp will go down and the length of the planet's "year" will increase the farther it is from the sun. There are exceptions, but that is the general rule.
Not at all. The planet's daily rotation is independent of its distance from the Sun.
True. The length of time that it takes to complete one orbit around the Sun is directly related to the distance of the orbit from the Sun.
There is a relationship between the planets distance from the sun and the time taken for one orbit (planets year), described in Keplers third law. The square root of the time taken to orbit the sun is proportional to the cube of the average distance between the sun.
Surface temperature is like a fire and your hand, the shorter the distance between your hand and the flame is hotter than when your hand is farther from the flame. The length of a year is determined by the duration of time that it takes for a planet to make one revolution around it's star, this may also be governed by other factors, such as the three laws of motion, for example; Mercury (the closest planet to the sun) takes 87.969 Earth days to orbit the sun, Earth takes 365 days to orbit the sun, while Neptune happens to take 60,190 days or 164.79 years to orbit the sun.
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The surface area of a cube is directly related to the length of its sides. Specifically, the surface area ( A ) can be calculated using the formula ( A = 6s^2 ), where ( s ) is the length of a side. This means that if the side length increases, the surface area increases with the square of that length, demonstrating a quadratic relationship. Conversely, if the side length decreases, the surface area decreases in a similar manner.
The focal length of a lens is related to the object distance and image distance by the lens equation: 1/f = 1/do + 1/di, where f is the focal length, do is the object distance, and di is the image distance. This equation describes how the lens focuses light rays from an object at a certain distance to form an image at a specific distance.
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The answer depends on what characteristic of the planets you are interested in: their mass, radius, volume, length of orbit, average distance from the sun, etc.
Here is a fine length and distance converter. Scroll down to related links and look at "Length and distance converter".
The term you are referring to is the focal length, which is the distance between the surface of a reflective surface (such as a mirror) and the focal point.