Betelgeuse give off more light than the Sun because it is much larger than the Sun, and the star's core is much larger and more powerful than the Sun's core.
No one really knows, because no one has ever been to Betelgeuse. It would take much more time than getting to Pluto.
Jupiter is brighter than Betelgeuse in the night sky because it is much closer to the Earth in comparison to Betelgeuse(Betelgeuse is more than 500 lightyears away form the Earth). This way, Jupiter appears larger than Betelgeuse, and celestial objects that appear larger also appear brighter than objects that appear small.
Betelgeuse is brighter than Antares primarily due to its size and proximity. As a red supergiant star, Betelgeuse has a larger radius and emits more light than Antares, which is a red supergiant as well but is farther away from Earth. Additionally, Betelgeuse's apparent magnitude is about 0.42, while Antares has an apparent magnitude of about 1.06, making Betelgeuse appear brighter in our night sky. The combination of Betelgeuse's intrinsic luminosity and its relative closeness contributes to its brighter appearance.
The farthest people have ever gone is to the moon, about 239,000 miles. Betelgeuse is about 640 light years, or 3,760,000,000,000,000 miles away. That's more than a trillion times farther than anyone's ever been.
If I wrote out that distance in miles, there would probably be more digits than I could fit in this typing box. If you measure it in light years instead, I think it is a few hundred of those.
the Betelgeuse is colder than the sun
Yeah, the Suns radiant pressure is more increased then Betelgeuse.
Betelgeuse is the star in the left shoulder of the Orion constellation. It is also the name of a character in the movie Beetlejuice.
Yes, the Sun is much smaller than Betelgeuse.
Proxima Centauri has an insignificant luminosity to Betelgeuse. Although it is the closest known star(4.2 light-years) to our Sun, it is virtually impossible to see because it is so dim. Betelgeuse, on the other hand, is a lot farther (640 light-years). Yet, it is one of the brightest stars in our night sky. This is because Betelgeuse has an extremely high luminosity.
No, Betelgeuse has a lower absolute magnitude compared to the Sun. Betelgeuse is a red supergiant star with a much larger luminosity, making it appear brighter despite its greater distance from Earth.
Betelgeuse is probably older, but it's hard to give exact ages for stars. Both of them are only a few million years old, much younger than our 4 billion year old sun. See related questions for more details on the ages of those stars.