VSEPR theory, valence shell electron pair theory.
First determine the number of atoms, X, and electron pairs, E, around the central atom.
Write these out as AXnEm
Look up a list of the AXE shapes. Or better as you may not be give a list in the test, you can actually work these out yourself.
The idea is that electron pair bonds and electron pairs repel each other
simple examples are
methane, CH4, AX4, tetrahedral bonds
ammonia, AX3E, so tetrahedral bonds and pairs, but one position is a lone pair, atoms are trigonal.
water AX2E2, tetrahedral bonds and pairs, two positions are lone pairs, so bent.
See link for a reasonable write up.
The shape of fiberglass can be determined by using a form for the basic shape. Then the shape is refined by smoothing with hand and power tools.
constructivism
Yes, it certainly could.
spontaneous generation
spontaneous generation
Ytterbium is typically in a plus three oxidation state making it a d-zero electron configuration. Using MO theory it's chloride should follow VESPER rules to have trigonal planner coordination. The molecular orbital diagram for this element may differ from VESPER rules however and should be referred to in and inorganic scientific publication of some type. The best answer is always to say "do the research".
Ammonia is represented by its symbol NH(3). In drawing its diagram using VSEPR theory, we get a triangular pyramidal shape.
I am determined not to answer your question.
In theory yes. A black hole is assumed to be a somewhat spherical shape, so using geometry you could find the center. From what we think we know about black holes, yes they violate the laws of physics from the moment the event horizon (the boundary) passed.
It is determined using hot air balloons.
Determined using similarities in DNA and branching trees
Yes, that can be done. Mass measurements are done indirectly; in theory the mass can be determined via an object's weight, or experiments with acceleration (using Newton's Second Law).