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The holes and electrons, together, can be found particularly in tetravalent elements like Si and Ge. It is experimentally verified that at -2730K temperature, that is at absolute zero temperature, such elements behave like a perfect insulators.

Now when temperature increases, some of the valence electrons escape into conduction band, producing a vacancy at their respective places. These vacancies are known as holes. Thus the number of hole-electron pairs always remain constant. Thus the concentration of electrons and holes remain constant at any temperature.

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Q: How can the concentration of electrons and holes remain constant at a particular temperature?
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