The short answer is, get hold of the latest edition of "The Pocket Guide to Australian Coins and Banknotes" (16th edition or better) by Greg McDonald.
The long answer -
All Australian general circulation coins have been minted at the Royal Australian Mint Canberra since 1984. Non-circulating Legal Tender coins are minted at both the RAM Canberra and the Perth Mint.
The Sydney Mint closed in 1926 and the Melbourne Mint closed in 1968.
Mint Marks on Australian decimal coins are mostly minute differences to the reverse design like a blunted first whisker or second claw, or a longer spine, etc. Those not minted in Australia, were minted at the Royal Mint London or Wales.
Predecimal coins are more difficult to identify without a book because they are inconsistent from year to year and from coins of different denomination. A dot after the "A." in AUSTRALIA, a dot after the "Y." in PENNY or a dot between "K.G" (the designers initials) indicate minting at Perth.
Those coins not minted in Australia will have a small letter usually on the reverse but not always, indicating where it was minted. Depending on the coin, "L" = London, "PL" = London, "I" = Calcutta or Bombay, "H" = Heaton, Birmingham, "S" = San Francisco, "D" = Denver.
Occasionally "M" = Melbourne or a small star "*" for Sydney, but usually Melbourne and Sydney did not have Mint Marks.
A predecimal coin with no Mint Marks could also indicate that the coin was minted using identical dies at two or more Australian Mints.
All 1966 Australian 50 cent coins were minted in Canberra. They have the distinction of possibly being the most hoarded coin in Australia.
Such a coin does not exist. There were no Australian 1967 50 cent coins minted.
Such a coin does not exist. The first Australian Penny was minted in 1911.
The Australian 1985 One Dollar coin does not have a mintmark. They were all minted at the Royal Australian Mint Canberra.
All 1988 Australian coins were minted at the Royal Australian Mint Canberra. Since they were all minted at the same place, there is no mintmark.
It is extremely unlikely that a 2000 general circulation coin would be minted in 2001. It is not so unlikely that some bullion Proof coins might be minted in the year after the date indicated on the coin.
The Australian Penny was issued in most years from 1911 to 1964 inclusive. Depending on their condition, the year they were minted, where they were minted, and any peculiarities of the coin, they could be worth anything from 50 cents to thousands of Dollars.
The only Australian coins minted for general circulation in 2007 were the 5, 10 and 20 cent coins and the 2 Dollar coin. The 50 cent coin was only minted as a Non-Circulating Commemorative and, the 1 Dollar coin was only minted for Uncirculated or Mint year sets and Proof sets.
The last Australian Penny was minted in 1964. Their place in the Australian currency was replaced by the 1 cent coin in 1966.
There was no 1970 Papal Visit coin issued in Australia.
This "mule" coin came about when the obverse of the Indian Quarter Anna coin and the reverse of the Australian Halfpenny were used together. There is thought to be 10 or less of these coins in existence. Both the Indian coin and the Australian coin were minted at the Calcutta Mint.
An Australian Penny or Halfpenny with a "Y." (PENNY.) mintmark indicates that the coin was minted at the Perth Mint. An Australian Penny or Halfpenny with a "I" mintmark indicates that the coin was minted at either the Calcutta or Bombay Mints in India.