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1. He was a soldier, not a sailor, and understood little of the sea - tides, winds, the impossibility of precise timing.

2. The sea was unimportant to him except as a path to England - all his other enemies could be attacked directly from France.

3. Many of the best sea officers had been lost in the Revolution, either by execution or by emigration.

4. The French navy, smaller than the British from the start, was blockaded in its ports for most of the time, and lacked the opportunity to train and exercise crews.

5. Seeing the navy blockaded, Napoleon took most of the experienced gunners to man his land artillery. As a result, British gunnery was twice as fast as French.

6. The final total defeat of the French fleet at Trafalgar came comparatively early in Napoleon's career - only a year after he became Emperor.

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