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The Japanese had planned a surprise attack on Midway. The surprise was foiled because the US had broken Japan's military code and the US was prepared for the attack.
Yes, the United States were well prepared for the attack on the Pearl harbor since it had broken the Japanese secret code.
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To protect them against CBRN contamination
It was a surprise attack, before a declration of war, on a Sunday morning against a nation at peace.
One can protect against an alligator attack by taking the right precautions. Before going into water in an area where alligators live, do a careful visual check for any alligators.
Against the Japanese city of Hiroshima, on 6th August 1945.
The Americans could have prepped the AA guns, prepared the battle ships, and evacuated any civilian personnel in the area The Japanese warned the U.S. before the attack, so the Navy had time to prepare. They could have moved the ships out of the harbor so that they were more spread out, making them harder to hit. The men on the ships were not prepared for battle, and most of them were not at their stations. Had they been at their stations and waiting for the attack, they could have responded faster and defended the ships.
They made the civilians to construct underground bunkers.
The Japanese entered Singapore via the Causeway from Malaysia. This caught the British off-guard as the British always prepared for a war from the seas.