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Not all versions of Christianity were made official religion. Only the two branches of mainstream Christianity were made state religions.

The co-emperors Theodosius I and Gratian issued the Edict of Thessalonica in 380. This made mainstream Christianity (Latin or Western Christianity and Greek or Eastern Christianity) the sole legitimate religion of the Roman Empire. The purpose of the edict was to ban dissident Christian doctrines, which were branded as heretic. Their persecution started soon afterwards. The main target was Arian Christianity, which was popular around the empire.

The Latin/Western Church and the Greek/Eastern Church were the main church of the western and eastern part of the empire respectively. They were two branches of one church which was called Catholic Church. They both subscribed to the Nicene Creed, a particular interpretation of the trinity, and opposed alternative interpretations of the trinity. Later these two churches spit and came to be called Catholic and Orthodox respectively.

Theodosius I immediately started to persecute the dissident Christian doctrines in the eastern part of the Roman Empire, especially Arian Christians.

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