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Hannibal was the son of Hamilcar Barca, the main Carthaginian commander in the First Punic War and a member of a military family, the Barcids (the Barca). He also became the ruler of the Barcid possessions in southern Spain.

Hamilcar Barca embarked on an expedition to Spain (while Hanno the Great invaded Libya) to improve the fortunes of both Carthage and his family. Hamilcar conquered southern Spain. The Carthaginian territories in Spain were the possession of the Barcids. When Hamilcar Barca died his son-in-law, Hasdrubal the Fair, succeeded him as ruler in and strategos (military leader) in Spain. He was in turn succeeded by Hannibal, his brother-in-law and Hamilcar's son.

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