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Copying, altering, distributing, or performing/displaying a work for which you are not the copyright holder, and for which you do not have permission from the rightsholder or an exemption in the law, is a violation of copyright laws.
Unauthorized copying, altering, distributing, or performing/displaying a work is copyright infringement.
"Copyright" or the copyright symbol in a notification is a reference to a set of laws (in the US, Title 17) protecting the rights of the creator of a work.
Copyright limits the extent to which you can quote existing works, but it also protects your completed work.
Copyright laws prevent individuals other than the creator of the work from copying, altering, distributing, or performing/displaying the work without permission. Much of the text of copyright laws, however, consists of limitations, defenses, and exceptions which allow specific unlicensed uses.
Information itself is not subject to copyright. Only a creative work of authorship is protected by copyright.
It must be an original work, and fixed in a tangible form of expression.
There are no plagiarism "laws". COpyright law gives a "for hire" author no rights to the work done for that hire.
No. A copyright notice hasn't been required since the laws were changed in 1989.
Copyright protection gives creators the chance to ascribe value to (and perhaps derive income from) their creativity and hard work.
It varies from country to country. Generally, you need to know that each creative element of the film is either entirely your original work or is properly licensed as required, and that the resulting work is then protected by copyright based on the laws of the applicable country.
For the most part, the average paramedic is not going to be affected by copyright in his work. A general understanding of copyright is more or less required to be a member of society these days, however.