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Q: How did the Japanese land reforms program create internal problem?
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What reason to bulge boiler tubes?

This is caused by overheating of the shell plates and it affecsthe entire thickness of the plate. So, too much heat = weaker metal = thus bulge due to the weakend metal succombing to the boiler pressure. This is often due to deposit on the WATER side of tube. THe METAL gets too hot, thus the metal is weaker and bulges due to the pressure found inside the piping.. NOT the water gets too got. This is important to distinguish from a blister which is caused by a slag inclusion forming a lamination at the time the plate was rolled in the steel mill. Thus a blister is defect in the metal. Blisters may also be caused by a hydrogen environment. Blisters also are worsened by deposites which cause them to crack and release scale. This process repeats until it bursts. The bugle formation is similar in that it actually breaks away the scale that formed it upon its formation. This will allow water to absorb heat properly from the metal again and delay the progression of the bulge until the scale reforms. Small Bulges can be left in place if scale forming processes are removed. Blisters should be replaced eventually as they are thinner then is normally permitted by code.


How is desalination done?

Desalinisationsaline is salt. de is to undo or remove. You might "desalinise" sea water - ie. remove the salt content from sea water it separates it in to two streams :)Answerremoval of salt A more fancy pants answer is that desalinization is the process of extracting salt from sea water to make drinking water. An easy way to do it is to boil salt water and capture the water vapor as it leaves the boiling pot. When the vapor cools, it condenses and reforms into water drops that through coagulation reform into fresh water.Answerthe remove of salt from a solution. e.g. removing salts from seawater to produce drinking waterAnswerIt means taking the salt out of a liquid. Many methods for water purification and seawater desalinization have been used for a number of years starting in ancient times with good old fashion distillation (boil the water and catch the condensate leaving the bad stuff behind). The leading method now is membrane based...reverse osmosis. Expensive to build, expensive to operate and maintain.Reverse Osmosis uses pressure to force water molecules through a special membrane with very small pores that trap salts and other dissolved solids (retentate) and results in up to 99% pure water (solute). In low pressure home use, RO usually results in 80% or more waste...5 gallons of waste water are produced for every gallon of useable water. In high pressure systems (1000 psi or more) used in saltwater desalinization, recovery rates can exceed 90%. High pressure systems require alot of energy to run however.New studies are underway to improve membrane efficiencies (particularly in energy use) include forward osmosis which actually uses an ionic salt process and then removing the special salts from the solute..or good water side..of the membrane process.Carbon nano-tubes built into membranes and electrically charged to repel salt ions before reaching the membrane, and biomimetic membranes utlizing aquaporins in a similar charged fashion hold some promise to improving the efficiency of RO systems but are still in the theory and development stage.One new process that is actually in commercial development is Capacitive De-ionization which uses a flow-through capacitor designed to eliminate dissolved solids from water using a small electrical charge.


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