1) The analysis phase starts with a problem statement which includes a list of goals and a definitive enumeration of key concepts within a domain. This problem statement is then expanded into three views, or models: an object model, a dynamic model, and a functional model. The object model represents the artifacts of the system. The dynamic model represents the interaction between these artifacts represented as events, states, and transitions. The functional model represents the methods of the system from the perspective of data flow. The analysis phase generates object-model diagrams, state diagrams, event-flow diagrams, and data-flow diagrams. The

analysis phase is now complete.

The major step of analysis:

•obtain a problem statement and a system description

•develop use cases

•build the analysis (domain or business) object model

•develop dynamic model

•verify, iterate, and refine the models

Analysis output:

•problem statement, and system description

•use cases

•object model, dynamic model

main()

{

int n,i=1;

printf("Enter the Number till you want to print even numbers");

scanf("%d",&n);

printf("Even Numbers till %d are",n);

while(i

{

if((i%2)==0)

printf("%d",i);

i++;

}

}

OR

main()

{

int n,i=1;

printf("Enter the Number till you want to print even numbers");

scanf("%d",&n);

do

{

if(i%2==0)

printf("%d",i);

i++;

}while(i

}

OR

void main()

{

int i=0,n;

printf("Enter the number till you want to print even numbers:");

scanf("%d",&n);

do

{

printf("%d\t",i);

i+=2;

}while(i<=n);

}

Examples of open source software

• Linux (see http://www.linux.org/): a computer operating system and kernel originating as a UNIX system and existing in many versions.
• GNOME (see http://www.gnome.org/): a desktop development environment providing tools for developing desktop applications (as well as its own basic desktop applications) and available for Linux and other UNIX systems.
• KDE (see http://www.kde.org/): another desktop development environment.
• Apache (see http://www.apache.org/): a web server program (for supplying pages in response to requests) used in most web server computers and available for Windows as well as Linux and other UNIX systems.
• Firefox (see http://www.mozilla.org/firefox/): a web client program (for viewing and hearing web pages) available for Windows and Mac as well as Linux and other UNIX systems.
• Dovecot (see http://www.dovecot.org/): an email server program (for sending and receiving email) supporting POP3 and IMAP and available for Linux and other UNIX systems.
• Postfix (see http://www.postfix.org): an email server program (for sending and receiving email) supporting SMTP and available for Linux and other UNIX systems.
• SquirrelMail (see http://squirrelmail.org/): an email application (for reading and writing email through a web client program) supporting IMAP and SMTP and available for Windows and Mac as well as Linux and other UNIX systems.
• Thunderbird (see http://www.mozilla.org/thunderbird/): an email client program (for reading and writing email) supporting POP3, IMAP and SMTP and available for Windows and Mac as well as Linux and other UNIX systems.
• OpenOffice (see http://www.openoffice.org/): an office application set (for word processing, spreadsheet manipulation, picture drawing and data base access) compatible with all other major office application sets such as Office and available for Windows and Mac as well as Linux and other UNIX systems.
• KOffice: (see http://www.koffice.org/): another office application set.
• Asterisk: (see http://www.asterisk.org/): a Private Branch eXchange (PBX) providing features such as interactive voice response, conference bridging and call queuing (as well as analogue, digital and VoIP telephony), supporting H.323, SIP and IAX2 (and other VoIP protocols), and available for Mac as well as Linux and other UNIX systems.
• FreeSWITCH (see http://www.freeswitch.org/): a VoIP development environment providing tools for developing applications like phones and switches, supporting H.323, SIP and IAX2 (and other VoIP protocols), and available for Windows and Mac as well as Linux and other UNIX systems.
• GnuGK (see http://www.gnugk.org/): a VoIP gatekeeper (for some H.323 deployments) available for Windows and Mac as well as Linux and other UNIX systems.

Computer Programming is all about algebra. In algebra, you solve for variables like x and y in their simplest form, in programming, the variables can pass on values or accept values and give you the result.

For eg:

Find the area of a square with side 'a' units.

In algebra: Area=a2.

In Programming, the program can find the area by taking input from the user.

float area,a;

cout<<"Enter length of side";

cin>>a;

area=a*a;

cout<<"The area is "<

Basically, Programming is bringing algebra to life.

echo "enter the value of a"

read a

echo "enter the value of b"

read b

c=`expr $a + $b`

echo "the sum of a and b is $c"

Or, alternatively, one could also...

#!/bin/sh

A=5

B=10

C=`echo "$A + $B"|bc -l`

echo "$A + $B = $C"

The above examples illustrate the use of back ticks to fork a child process in shell, however the first example uses the 'expr' command to perform the arithmetic while the second example uses the 'bc' command to perform the calculation. As is nearly always the case in Unix or Linux, there are multiple methods of arriving at the same correct solution.

While the wonderful and all powerful Perl language is perhaps, technically, not a shell, it is theoretically possible to accomplish this goal in Perl as well. Let me see now, to make this example as educational as possible, I'll use a couple of subscripts of the array @array to store our values and an off-the-shelf printf function to display the results of our calculations...

perl -e '@array = (5, 10); printf("%s + %s = %s\n", $array[1], $array[0], ($array[0]+$array[1]));'

As the purpose of this site is to teach, I briefly entertained and then discarded a notion to shoot for maximum obfuscation. Larry, Randy and Nathan will be proud of me I hope. :)

Naturally, there are numerous other ways to accomplish this goal in Linux.

1. ABC
2. Ada
3. Algol 60
4. Algol 68
5. APL
6. Arc
7. Assembly
8. Awk
9. BASIC
10. Batch
11. BCPL
12. Befunge
13. BETA
14. C
15. C++
16. C--
17. C# (pronounced C-sharp)
18. CHILL
19. Clipper
20. Cobol
21. CobolScript
22. Component Pascal
23. Cyclone
24. D
25. DATABUS
26. Euphoria
27. Forth
28. Fortran
29. Free Pascal
30. GNU Pascal
31. Icon
32. IDL
33. Jal
34. JavaScript
35. Jovial
36. Lagoona
37. Leda
38. Limbo
39. Lua
40. m4
41. Maple
42. Mathematica
43. MATLAB
44. Modula-2
45. Modula-3
46. Mumps
47. Oberon
48. Objective Caml (OCaml)
49. Occam
50. Oz-Mozart
51. Pascal
52. Perl
53. PHP
54. PL
55. PL/1
56. Pliant
57. PL/SQL
58. PostScript
59. PowerBuilder
60. Proteus
61. REBOL
62. Rexx
63. S-Lang
64. Small C
65. Snobol
66. Tcl-Tk
67. T3X
68. VBA
69. Visual Basic
70. Visual DialogScript
71. Yorick

Note: Some of these languages, such as PHP, Perl, Caml/OCaml, and IDL also support object oriented programming. Others on the list (C++, JavaScript, C# ) are primarily object-oriented languages which can also (though less commonly) be used to program procedurally.

Some are macro or scripting languages (Rexx, Awk, m4) which, while they do support some procedural concepts, aren't really procedural languages, but rather interpreted streams.

Also note that Assembly is NOT a high-level language, and generally is not considered a procedural language, as it doesn't have enough abstraction.

Finally, traditional COBOL is NOT a procedural language (in fact, one of the long-standing criticism of it is that it lacks any structured programming characteristics). Current-day COBOL has some ability to use procedural programming concepts, but, overall, should not be considered a real procedural language. SNOBOL is similar, in that the original version were certainly not procedural in nature, but modern versions are much more structured programming friendly (and can be considered a procedural language).