Persia!!!!!
King Philip II of Macedon did not directly attack Persia during his reign. Instead, he focused on consolidating power in Greece and preparing for a future campaign against the Persian Empire. His son, Alexander the Great, later launched a successful invasion of Persia after Philip's assassination in 336 BC, ultimately leading to the fall of the Persian Empire.
Some of the Greek city-states joined with Persia, the southern cities opposed the Persian attempt to absorb them into the Persian empire.
Xerxes I was king during the Persian invasion of Greece in 480-479 BCE. Darius III was king during Alexander's conquest of Persia 150 years later and, therefore, the last Persian King of the Hellenistic Period.
Greece and Persia had conflict primarily due to territorial expansion and cultural differences. The Persian Empire sought to expand its influence over the Greek city-states, which were fiercely independent and valued their autonomy. Tensions escalated with events such as the Ionian Revolt, where Greek cities in Asia Minor rebelled against Persian rule, prompting Persia to retaliate. This led to significant conflicts, including the famous battles of Marathon and Thermopylae during the Greco-Persian Wars.
Artaxerxes I.
Artaxerxes I.
Xerxes
One reason Persia attacked Greece was to expand its empire and assert dominance over the Greek city-states, which were seen as a threat to Persian influence in the region. The Ionian Revolt, where Greek city-states in Asia Minor rebelled against Persian rule, also provoked the Persians to retaliate and punish the Greeks for their support of the rebels. This conflict ultimately led to the larger confrontations during the Greco-Persian Wars.
Xerxes I.
King Darius I.
The Greek city-states which did not side with Persia.