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By the testimony of two witnesses. They were examined separately, and their statements had to agree exactly.
The Torah gives authority to the Sanhedrin (Jewish court) to punish certain types of crimes. They are bound by procedure, they must have two witnesses, and the perpetrator must be warned before he sins; otherwise he is not punished by the Sanhedrin. Also, the Sanhedrin is enjoined to make a concerted effort to seek evidence that could exonerate the defendant. This means that they must be balanced and circumspect, no matter what the crime. Their role is not intended to be one of vengeance.
Shortly before the destruction of the Second Temple, the Sanhedrin ceased dealing with capital cases, because the increased persecutions of the Romans, and the onset of the present Exile, made it impossible to fully maintain the level of scholarship and expertise needed for the Torah-procedures of the Sanhedrin. Since then, the power of Jewish courts has been greatly diminished and is now limited to imposing fines, if anything.

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