Judaism changed from a location based religion with animal sacrifices, to a portable religion, based on prayer, study, and acts of lovingkindness
It was destroyed by the Babylonians in 586 BCE
Malachi was the last of the Hebrew Prophets. He was born before the First Destruction, and lived long enough to see the building of the Second Temple seventy years later. See also:Timeline
Egypt
The Second Temple.
the answer is Cairo
Tisha b'Av. The ninth day of the month of Av.
the answer is Cairo
the city Cairo
There have not been Jewish Priests since the destruction of the Second Temple.
No, Jews stopped going on pilgrimage with the destruction of the Second Temple.
because it was a place of prayer
The beliefs and practices of Judaism did not change in principle. See this link for details.