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The refracting (lens) telescope was invented in the 1600's, with the reflecting (mirror) variant a few decades later. Prior to that, naked eye observations had to suffice, but with a keen eye, several important observations were possible.

An early instrumental observation of importance, was Ole Romer making measurements of the rotation of the moons of Jupiter.

Nevertheless, folk without optical instruments, such as the Chinese and the Polynesians, were able to navigate accurately by star sightings.

From the discrepancies of the Io eclipses, comparing the times when Jupiter was moving away to those when Jupiter was moving closer, Rome was able to deduce the speed of light.

A very important observation in the days before accurate chronometers. In those times, the movement of the heavenly bodies was the most accurate 'clock' known.

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Q: How did the people study stars and planets 200 years ago?
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How did people study stars 200 years ago?

they looked


How many years after Luthers criticism did Galileo begin to study planets?

How many years after Luther’s criticism did Galileo begin to study planets?


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Light years are used to measure distance from Earth to distant stars and planets.


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Why are stars brighter than planets?

They are a lot closer than the stars. The nearest star, Alpha Proxima is 4 light years away. The planets are at most a few light hours away. Although they don't emit light, several of them have cloudy or sandy surfaces, making them highly reflective of sunlight. Some planets seem brighter - not all of them. Planets are quite near to us, as compared to the stars.


Are there other stars that have planets apart from the sun?

Scientists used to wonder; are planets rare, or are they common? Arguments went both ways. But over the past 10 years or so, we have discovered over 300 planets orbiting other stars. With the rapid improvement in space-based telescopes and better image processing software, it begins to look like planets, and planetary systems, may be the norm; that single stars without planets may be the unusual case.


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the study of the influence of the planets on people. Each of us has our planets in specific signs when we were born and these will indicate a certain personality in the person as wha the planets represent the same principle is within each of us.


What is responsible for making the stars shine?

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