Not in any meaningful way. There are certainly subatomic particles but they do not behave in the same manner as the universe we observe.
Stars are like the bread crumbs left by the Big Bang. By studying stars scientists get to know the elements that are found in them and how are they connected to us. They also teach us the way the universe works. They illuminate the darkest secrets of the universe.
Assuming there is a "secret" to find, the most consistent way of reaching for it is a highly iterative process - observe the universe around us, formulate hypotheses, make predictions of behaviors, experiment where possible, observe results of experiments, and finally compare the outcome of the experiment with the predictions. Every time an outcome of an experiment matches the prediction, we can be said to have taken one step closer to finding "the secret". The problem is that nobody knows how many steps it'll take to get there.
no, only fools observe the infinite This question does not make sense and I suspect that it is an intentional bit of nonsense.
Depends on what you mean by "formation." Big Bang Cosmology (BBC) is the ONLY cosmology that explains what we actually observe about our Universe -- Hubble Expansion, cosmic microwave background radiation, ratio of decay isotopes to "parent" isotopes, etc. Proponents of all other cosmologies are forced to say, "I have no idea why we observe what we do -- it's just the way the Universe is, and I have no explanation for it." However, BBC states ONLY that our total Universe was, about 13.8 billion years ago, infinitely more dense (note: NOT smaller!!) than it is today, and that space has been expanding ever since at a (more or less) uniform rate. It makes NO statement WHATSOEVER on what occurred prior to the start of this expansion (more precisely, after the end of Inflation). Scientists speculate on what occurred, but (as of now) there is no observational evidence to prefer one idea over another. So, BBC is not only an adequate explanation for the formation and development of our Universe since the end of Inflation, it's the ONLY explanation that fits what we observe. However, it is not an explanation for what happened before then, and makes no pretense about doing so.
you figure it out
No. "Universe". We can see things outside our galaxy.
Not in any meaningful way. There are certainly subatomic particles but they do not behave in the same manner as the universe we observe.
The earth's atmosphere interferes.
Since we all live in the universe, everything that we observe, all around us, tells us some of the truth about the universe. To understand the truth about the universe more deeply, I would recommend a study of science.
a few hundred thousand years after the Big Bang
An anthropic principle is any of several similar explanations for the nature of the universe, which state that either the universe is as it is because otherwise we wouldn't be able to observe it, or that the presence of intelligent life constrains the universe to its current form.
Everything we know about the universe is based on our ability to observe and measure varying degrees of luminosity/radiation within this fourth dimensional confinement; i.e., this is our known universe. Our known universe has many imposed limitations, based on our ability to observe and measure it, but no one can really estimate as to the actual age and size of the universe beyond the interpretation of empirical evidence we are able to gather and collate. As of matter of contention is whether these measures for age and size have any real meaning outside our observable universe. This is partly because the dimensional boundaries of our SpaceTime are always evolving and ever-expanding, per our ability to observe and measure it. Another aspect of for consideration is whether this small pocket of our observable universe is representative of the universe as a whole.
less deuterium
The universe is defined as the entirety of existence. It is everything that we can observe, measure, and even hypothesize. It includes earth with its living things together with all the other astronomical objects existing in the vastness of space.
The universe is the term used to describe all of space, time, matter, and energy that exists. It includes planets, stars, galaxies, and everything that we can observe or detect through scientific methods.
No. We can observe some of the effects, such as the CMBR (cosmic microwave background radiation) and the expansion of the visible universe, but seeing it directly would require being outside the universe itself - which is impossible for us.