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in an animal cell, substances get into the cell by transport proteins in the membrane that can be active or passive. some molecules can freely defuse across the membrane (for example oxygen and carbon dioxide) and cells can also take up large molecules using a process called endocytosis (exocytosis is the inverse).

the only way for a cell to be taken up by a cell is phygocytosis, for example, bacterial cells may be phagocytosed by a human macrophage. some bacteria have become very specialised at surviving in this environment (most die from the macrophage attacking it once it has been taken up) and stand only a small chance of managing to exit the macrophage (often after it has died).

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