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We don't use the word in the same nuance as it is used by Christians. We (Jews) need to concentrate on upholding our end of the covenant by keeping the entire Torah, and God will fulfill his prophetic promises when He sees fit.
Christians believed that Jesus was part of a new covenant between God and his followers. Jesus said that he did not come to abolish the Law, but to fulfill it (he still was an observant Jew). Christians found new ways to practice the faith that were not traditional Jewish practices, and were critical of some of the ways that the Law was being observed at the time.
To fulfill the scriptures, Jesus would arise on the third day.
The covenant was with God.
An agreement with God is usually called a covenant.
In the Old Testament God's covenant with the nation of Israel was a conditional covenant. If Israel obeyed God the God would bless them. The new covenant is not conditional in that respect. The New Covenant (or New Testament) is the promise that God makes with humanity that He will forgive sin and restore fellowship with those whose hearts are turned toward Him. Jesus Christ is the mediator of the New Covenant, and His death on the cross is the basis of the promise. The Bible doesn't say that God will send anything except the Holy Spirit to those who believe. Under the new covenant life is not about obeying God's commandments but being led by God's Spirit. However God's Spirit will led a person to obey God's commandments. If Christians obey God they will show all people that they are Jesus disciples.
In the Old Testament God's covenant with the nation of Israel was a conditional covenant. If Israel obeyed God the God would bless them. The new covenant is not conditional in that respect. The New Covenant (or New Testament) is the promise that God makes with humanity that He will forgive sin and restore fellowship with those whose hearts are turned toward Him. Jesus Christ is the mediator of the New Covenant, and His death on the cross is the basis of the promise. The Bible doesn't say that God will send anything except the Holy Spirit to those who believe. Under the new covenant life is not about obeying God's commandments but being led by God's Spirit. However God's Spirit will led a person to obey God's commandments. If Christians obey God they will show all people that they are Jesus disciples.
No personal covenant is mentioned with Moses. Rather, God made a covenant between Himself and the Israelites, including Moses (Exodus 34:27). This covenant requires that the Israelites obey the Torah (Exodus 19:5, Leviticus ch.26, Deuteronomy ch. 28 and 31). Nonetheless, it will never cease to exist (Leviticus 26:44). However, it does have a "conditional" nature to it as most contracts do. If the Israelites fulfill their half of the agreement, God will bless them and provide for them. If the Israelites do not fulfill their half of the agreement, God will curse them and destroy them. Many Religious Jews see the Diasporic Nature of the Jewish Community to be evidence of a general failure for Jews (the descendants of the Israelites) to uphold the agreement made between Moses and God.
There is no list, just put God first and treat other people as you would like to be treated yourself.
God made a covenant with King David and based on his promise ask Solomon for anything he desires. God does not go back on his word so fulfill it by granting Solomon wisdom for that is what he requested. It was through God's wisdom that made Solomon powerful.
I suppose you can consider it conditional in that Abraham had to leave his country in order for God to fulfill his promises. But as for all the blessings God promised (that were to be given once Abraham arrived in his new country), those were all unconditional.
his covenant was to be the father of jesus