Each chemical element has a specific emission or absorption spectrum.
The whole universe is made up of atoms but the exact composition of the black matter (blackHole) is not known
None of them. The best evidence is the redshift.
Astronomers and physicists.
A heated solid element that does not change state, has molecular bonds that "flex", and electrons that emit light similar to a black body radiation. A solid heated to become a liquid, has molecular bonds that alter significantly, and the liquid starts to show stronger emission lines corresponding to the orbitals of the element itself, as well as some component of black body emission. A liquid heated to a gas shows strong elemental emission lines, with intensities of the various characteristic frequencies approximating the black body curve. A gas that is heated into plasma (assuming that is what you mean by flames), one or more electrons are lost from their orbitals, and drift free between charged nucleii. The "missing normal mass" in the Universe has been located and it is drifting between galaxies. It is oxygen with 5 missing electrons, based on its absorption / emission lines... which is a very hot gas. The "flame" or glow one exepcts comes from recombination (electrons entering orbitals), and this does not happen in deep space.
Technological advances mean that astronomers are able to see more and more detail in the universe - and better understand it's composition. For example - it was originally thought that the Earth was the centre of the universe... we now know, through the invention of the telescope etc - that this is not so.
Astrobiology deals with the origin of the universe, the universe's composition, future of life in the universe, distribution of the universe, etc.
Astronomers use the light spectrum of distant objects to determine the chemical composition of those objects. Each element on the period table gives off a different spectrum, and by looking through a spectrometer an astronomer can read the spectrum and figure out what that object is made up of to gain better understanding of our universe.
"Two things are infinite: the universe and human stupidity; and I'm not sure about the the universe."
The whole universe is made up of atoms but the exact composition of the black matter (blackHole) is not known
On the Lighter Side: Toccatta and Fugue in D minor
They detect the absorption lines consistent with hydrogen.
Because hydrogen is the most abundant element in our universe.
The types of nebulae that exist in the universe include bright, dark and emission nebulae. Different nebulae are often named for their shape. More information can be found on "Sea and Sky".
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Because hydrogen is the most common element in the universe and also it has a spectral emission line in the microwave radio part of the spectrum making it easier to track with a radio telescope.
None of them. The best evidence is the redshift.
Subatomic particles are responsible for the composition of matter. They allow our universe to be recognizable as we see it today.