We don't need to estimate it, we can measure it (at least the surface temperature) using the cavity radiation equation and experimental observation of the solar spectrum.
Scientists estimate the central temperature of the Sun using models that consider the balance between the Sun's gravitational contraction and nuclear fusion processes happening in its core. They use this information, along with measurements of the Sun's energy output and properties, to calculate a central temperature in the range of about 15 million degrees Celsius.
The sun's core (considered to extend from the center to about 20-25% of the solar radius) temperature is estimated to be around 15.7 million Kelvin. The next layer out (from the core out to about 0.7 solar radius) drops in temperature to a mere 2 to 7 million Kelvin, depending on altitude.
scientist use a thermometer to read temperature
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One interesting thing that has been found about the corona is that it's much hotter than the Sun's surface - while the Sun's surface has a temperature of about 6000 K, the corona has a temperature has a temperature around a million K. This obviously can't be caused by regular heat transfer; scientists are still researching exactly how the energy gets from the Sun to the corona.
SciEntist and sun
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The temperature of the sun is estimated to be about 5,500 degrees Celsius at its surface and around 15 million degrees Celsius at its core. Scientists use specialized instruments like spectrometers and telescopes to study the sun's radiation and emission lines to estimate its temperature. Directly measuring the sun's temperature is not feasible due to its extreme heat and distance from Earth.
Thermometer
hi i am a scientist from the university of Washington , scientist believe that the sun gets to about 977,000,000,000,000,000,000 degrees and if a human touched it they would just disintegrate.
The average is around 17 degrees Celsius during daytime. The average day and night temperature is -40°C.
A thermometer.