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1.Find the Fourier Transform of the pulse used to transmit data over the channel.
2.Determine the bitrate of the signal by the modulation format (QPSK for example has 2bits/symbol so 1 symbol per second would equate to 2 bits/s)
3.The first null in the Fourier transform is the required bandwidth (~0.75 x bitrate in optical communications, depends on channel)
4. Divide bits/s by the required bandwidth to find the spectral efficiency.
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