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The resting potential is the normal equilibrium charge difference (potential gradient) across the neuronal membrane, created by the imbalance in sodium, potassium, and chloride ions inside and outside the neuron.
Hyperpolarization means that the membrane potential becames more negative than the resting potential. This means that it is more difficult for an action potential to be triggered at the postsynaptic membrane. This occurs at inhibitory synapses. Hyperpolarization can be achieved by increasing the permeability of the membrane to potassium or chloride ions. If potassium permeability is increased more potassium ions will leave the cell, down their concentration gradient; if chloride permeability increases chloride ions will enter the cell down their concentration gradient. Both movements will make the inside of the cell more negative ie they will cause hyperpolarization.
More sodium ions pile up (accumulate) at the axon hillock from the combination of the two (or more) graded potentials, which may be then be sufficient to initiate the action potential.
the depolarization of the muscle cell. This occurs when the ACh receptors open, allowing sodium ions to enter the muscle cell, which leads to the generation of an action potential. The action potential then propagates along the muscle cell, initiating contraction.
All active transportation of ions would stop and ions would be allowed to run down their concentration gradients, eventually reaching equilibrium. At this stage there would be no more electrochemical potential difference across the cell membrane.
A hyperpolarizing graded potential makes the cell more negative, typically caused by an influx of chloride ions or efflux of potassium ions. In contrast, a depolarizing graded potential makes the cell less negative, often due to an influx of sodium ions or calcium ions. Both types of potentials play a role in generating action potentials in neurons.
The resting potential is the normal equilibrium charge difference (potential gradient) across the neuronal membrane, created by the imbalance in sodium, potassium, and chloride ions inside and outside the neuron.
Outside
Hyperpolarization means that the membrane potential becames more negative than the resting potential. This means that it is more difficult for an action potential to be triggered at the postsynaptic membrane. This occurs at inhibitory synapses. Hyperpolarization can be achieved by increasing the permeability of the membrane to potassium or chloride ions. If potassium permeability is increased more potassium ions will leave the cell, down their concentration gradient; if chloride permeability increases chloride ions will enter the cell down their concentration gradient. Both movements will make the inside of the cell more negative ie they will cause hyperpolarization.
More sodium ions pile up (accumulate) at the axon hillock from the combination of the two (or more) graded potentials, which may be then be sufficient to initiate the action potential.
More sodium ions pile up (accumulate) at the axon hillock from the combination of the two (or more) graded potentials, which may be then be sufficient to initiate the action potential.
action potential has a threshold stimulus and depolarization is just change in membrae potential where inside becomes for positive relative to outside. The AP has the ability to actually transmit info over long distance in axons once threshhold stimulus/depolarization is reached
the depolarization of the muscle cell. This occurs when the ACh receptors open, allowing sodium ions to enter the muscle cell, which leads to the generation of an action potential. The action potential then propagates along the muscle cell, initiating contraction.
The resting membrane potential is the difference between the inside of the cell relative to the outside. The outside is always taken as 0mv. The resting membrane potential is negative because there is a higher concentration of potassium ions outside the cell (because the membrane is more permeable to potassium ions) than inside. Since potassium ions are positively charged this leads to a negative value.
All active transportation of ions would stop and ions would be allowed to run down their concentration gradients, eventually reaching equilibrium. At this stage there would be no more electrochemical potential difference across the cell membrane.
The answer is sodium (Na)At the normal resting potential, the cell must bail out sodium ions that leak in and recapture potassium ions that leak out. The "bailing" occurs through the activity of an exchange pump powered by ATP. This pump's primary significance is that it ejects sodium ions as quickly as they enter the cell. This activity balances the passive forces of diffusion and the resting potential remains stable because the ionic concentration gradients are mantained.
The factors that affect an object's gravitational potential energy are its height relative to some reference point, its mass, and the strength of the gravitational field it is in. You didn't say what two things you want to compare.