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Yes
No adapter is needed, 110 and 115 volt are interchangeable.
you don't. you just take and use 120 volts from the 220. At least that's what I'd do.
Is it incandescent or flourescent? If it's incandescent it will work okay--it'll be dim but it will work. A fluorescent probably wouldn't fire. Now having said that, if this is a European lamp google "110v European base bulbs" and you'll find light bulbs that work on 110v but have bases that screw into European sockets. Just change the plug on the lamp and you're golden.
No conversion needed. These are nominal voltages which range from 110 to 120 volts. It will operate fine on the outlet.
As long as it's a regular incandescent light fixture, and the sockets will accept US bulbs, with provisions for grounding, then yes. You may need to upgrade the wiring to a heavier guage; I'd suggest 14 guage stranded wire through the entire fixture. If it's not incandescent, then no, unless it has a multi-tap ballast.
No. The bulb will burn out.
It sounds like the fixture that you acquired was from an industrial site. 277 volts is the star point voltage of a 480 three phase system. You will have to change the ballast out to the proper voltage that you need. If you want to spend some money you can get a step up auto transformer to make the conversion but the cost would off set the cost of a new fixture many times.
'Lighting', or the amount of light is not measured in watts. A 'watt' is a unit of power, measurement of current drawn. Most 100 watt/110 volt lamps initially produce 1690 lumens (a 'lumen' is the measure of the total "amount" of visible light emitted by a source). A 15 foot by 10 foot room is not very big, and one or two 100 watt incandescent lamps on a ceiling light fixture on a 120 volt service can light it adequately. I mention "110 volt" as in parts of the world with 220 mains these numbers change. As the voltage is doubled, the watts required would halve for the same amount of light. In other words, all other things being equal, a 50 watt 220 volt lamp should use the same amount of power, producing the same amount of light as a 100 watt 110 volt lamp.
Only use 110-120 volt appliances on a 110 volt socket.
True, 220 volt appliances consume less energy than 110 volt ones, but in order to use them in the US, you would need to convert them to 110 voltage. This is a less efficient use of energy. Plus, 220 volt appliances are a more risky because people can get seriously injured if they get shocked from them.
No, by reducing the input voltage by half the output voltage will also be reduced and will not have enough voltage to operate the fixture it is connected to.