I can't believe the people that don't state make, model, year and engine size before posting a question.
I'n most cases replacement is your only option but if you can find an alternator repair shop the Rectifier (diode) assembly can be replaced, if it has damaged the stator (copper windings) is not likely practical to repair..
Unless things have changed, the diodes are part of the alternator. The voltage regulator is attached to the alternator but the diodes are part of the alternator.
The alternator in any Ford has diodes. Is that what you are asking about?
Yes, it can. A completely dead battery can blow the alternator diodes, at least in older systems - I am not so certain about newer systems, whether or not they are protected against this annoyance. In any case, the alternator is not generally designed to charge a battery from scratch, but just to keep it charged during normal use. The alternator will not be completely ruined, but it will not function until the diodes are replaced.
You more than likely have a bad connection or damaged the CPS when removing the alternator
There are 3 positive diodes and 3 negative diodes. The alternator produces AC voltage in 3 phase. Almost all car manufacturers import and domestic use 6 diodes. Diodes can be defective as either "open" or "shorted". An open diode reduces capacity of an alternator while a shorted diode causes almost no charging.
It's not a good idea to to run your alternator with bad diodes. These diodes rectify the ac power generated by your alternator and turn it into dc power. You will destroy other electrical components in your car and will end up spending more money than the cost of simply replacing your alternator.
You can count on the alternator diodes being fried. But you might be able to have it tested. After that, much of the OTHER stuff has protection. Unfortunately, polarity protection is difficult if not impossible with an alternator.
The diodes are part of the rectifier assembly that converts the alternator's AC output to DC. The alternator's charging output flows through six diodes in the rectifier assembly before it goes to the battery and electrical system.
You would probably toast the diodes in the alternator.
I'm thinking that anything that is polarity sensitive might have been damaged, including the engine control unit. The voltage regulator and alternator diodes may have been blown.
Have the alternator tested. I would suspect one or more of the diodes in the alternator are bad.