Take one of your fingers. Now, press it on the letter on your keyboard. Watch as it shows up on screen. AMAZING!!
Ok, if you want to learn how to keyboard, go to a site like some of the related links and take some lessons, or search for "free online keyboarding lessons" or something and try one of those.
Or you can go to your local software store and buy some keyboarding training software like Mavis Beacon. There are others, but I like that one because its fun to say.
i believe you either hold down the shift key or the ctrl key if not you can go into the options and set it to a keybind so you press it once and you can toggle run on and off..
If mac has "f keys, press f8/f7. If mac doesn't have "f keys", keybind the control for the admin orb thing to something else in Options>Controls
There is no defined shortcut for many distributions but if you're running an Ubuntu-based distro, the default keybind for pulling up a terminal window is Ctrl+Alt+T.
Most likely, you've just received an achievement. These are certain game rewards you get for doing a certain task. For example, to get the "Getting Wood" achievement, you simply have to break a wood block or pick one up. Some achievements are simple and easy to get, like "Getting Wood", but other like "The End.", which requires you to enter the End and defeat the Ender Dragon, are much, much harder to complete. To view achievements you've completed and achievements you haven't completed or haven't unlocked, go to the pause menu (to access it with the default keybind, press the escape key), and click the Achievements button.