Monosyllabic words and their derivatives have a short vowel. A vowel followed by a single consonant and an 'e' is long. A vowel followed by a single consonant and a different vowel is likely to be long. A vowel followed by two consonants is short. There are exceptions, of course, and you just have to learn them I'm afraid.
The word "budge" has a short U sound. It is pronounced /bĘdĘ/.
"Hunt" is considered a short U word. The U sound in "hunt" is pronounced like the 'uh' sound.
The word "tune" has a long vowel sound because the "u" is pronounced like "yoo" and not like "uh."
The word dust has a short u sound. A long u would be in words like: duration or due.
It is a long U, as it rhymes with frugal.
Long u
The U in music has a long U (long OO) sound, but the I is a short I.
The word "was" has a short U vowel sound (wuz).
Ritual has both short and long vowel sounds. The I is a short I, the U is a long U (long OO) and the A has a schwa sound.
There is a long U (long OO) vowel sound for the second U (toot).The sounds are short U, short I, long U, silent E.
Yes, the word "dude" generally has a short "u" sound like in "mud."
Yes, the word "jumped" has a short u sound as in "uh."