That's a very low-level question, that can't really be done justice outside of a programming course. Basically, most desktop environments in Linux run on top of an X server, which is in charge of basic rendering and acceleration, as well as receiving input from a keyboard / mouse. The actual interface is built using objects from a "widget" toolkit. Widgets are things like scrollbars, buttons, and text boxes. These widgets form the look and feel of the environment, be it KDE (Qt toolkit), GNOME (GTK+ toolkit), Xfce (GTK+ toolkit), or JWM (Xaw toolkit) and so on. The environment may also provide various IPC methods (such as D-BUS), or it may be left by the applications themselves to implement.
Some of the Linux desktop environments that are available are: Unity, Cinnamon, Gnome, Sugar, Enlightenment, Mezzo, Xfce, Xmonad, KDE, MATE, LXDE, and ROX.
There are several desktop environments for Linux currently in use. The most popular are GNOME and KDE.
GNOME and KDE.
It's a command to start the X server for running Linux in graphical mode, if you have any of the desktop environments and/or window managers installed.
No. There is no single user interface for Linux. GNOME. KDE, Xfce, Fluxbox, and CDE are all examples of user interfaces / desktop environments for Linux.
No! In addition to Mac OS X, there are several Linux distributions with a wide selection of desktop environments. Although it's seen better days, AmigaOS is also a desktop operating system.
The most often used X Window (graphical) desktop environments are KDE and GNOME. There are many others.
Yes it is possible to do so. Once you have them, at the login screen you should find an option that allows you to choose which desktop environment you want to use.
Access to reviews of Desktop Linux can be found at Desktop Linux Reviews and Extreme Tech online on their websites. You can also access reviews in YouTube videos and in popular online and paper magazines such as Linux Magazine.
ALT+F4. A lot of window managers and desktop environments on Linux also use this shortcut.
GNOME is the name of the desktop environment; it isn't any particular location. The GNOME desktop will typically appear once you log in. If you have multiple desktop environments installed, you can typically choose the one you want to use from the Options menu in the login screen.
There is no scientific measurement for how "fast" an operating system is. You can only compare things like: 1. How fast an operating system boots. The fastest booting desktop distro is probably Mach Boot. 2. How much or how little RAM / processor power the system needs to run. The desktop distro with the lowest system requirements is probably Damn Small Linux. 3. How little space it requires. Tiny Core Linux requires only 10 MB for a very basic desktop system 4. The desktop that can best take advantage of hardware, such as video cards. Foresight Linux is designed to show off the latest Linux desktop environments, all with flashy effects and stuff.