It depends what Chapter you are doing. Like Dark Angels terminators are painted a bone white & are known as the Deathwing. It just depends on how you want your squad portrayed and if you have a little story to go with it. Get creative and have fun, that's always the best way to paint.
Yes he can!
Read the codex
Its in codex space marine under HQ
It depends what you want. There are many painting guides for many chapters. If you are a novice your best bet would be to ask someone at your local GW for some help.
It depends in what kind of terrain you want him to be in, theres grass, rock, lava, dessert, dirt, etc
Get skeleton and paint silver dry done lah
Space Marine Tactical Squad (includes 10 Space Marines) Space Marine Combat Squad (includes 5 Space marines) Space Marine Rhino Space Marine Scout Squad (includes 5 Space Marine Scouts) Space Marine Assault Squad (includes 5 Space Marines).
Get skeleton and paint silver dry done lah
Any, there's nothing that says you have to paint them a certain colour scheme. You get to choose to paint them by a certain chapter's colour scheme (ex. Blood Ravens) or you can make your own and just paint them how ever you want!
space marine
Yes, if scum is cleaned off, various adhesives will stick very well to marine paint.
Look in the Space Marine Codex, that's what it is there for.