Special Summoning from the Graveyard requires an effect that specifically allows you to do so. Call of the Haunted, as an example, allows a player to select and Special Summon one monster from their respective Graveyard in face-up Attack Position.
His initial special summon must be from hand, using the text on his card. If you do this correctly, and he then goes to the graveyard, you can special summon him back to the field with cards like Call of the Haunted. If however the summon is negated, or he is simply discarded to the graveyard, you cannot special summon him from the graveyard by any means. Nor can an external effect special summon him from hand, it must be his own.
No, because it wasn't 'properly' special summoned. To be able to special summon a Ritual Monster from the graveyard, it has to be initially summoned by Ritual Summon. Ritual Foregone does not Ritual Summon.
No, only from your hand. They can be special summoned from graveyard by cards like Monster Reborn if they were properly summoned initially before they went there. However you can't resummon them from the graveyard with their Ritual Spell Card.
If you properly Special Summoned him first, and he is then destroyed, you can special summon him back from the graveyard with cards like Monster Reborn. You do not need to remove another Light and Dark monster to do this, and just as important, you cannot remove a Light and Dark monster to special summon him from the graveyard, he can only be summoned from hand by doing that.
No, unless specifically stated otherwise on the card, a monster's special summon requires it to be summoned from your hand, or in the case of Synchro and XYZ monsters, from the Extra Deck.Plaguespreader Zombie can special summon itself from the graveyard because it says it can. But you cannot use for example, the special summon requirements on Chaos Sorcerer, or an XYZ monster, while they are in the graveyard.
No. If a monster says it 'cannot be special summoned except by', then the listed method is the only way it can reach the field. By default, this summon is from the hand too. So, even if you properly special summon Dark Armed Dragon, and it goes to the graveyard, you cannot special summon it using either its own special summon effect, or the effect of cards like Monster Reborn.
No, the only time a monster can special summon itself from the graveyard, is if it specifically says so - Plaguespreader Zombie for example. If it doesn't specify, then the default zone for special summoning is from the hand.
As long as they were properly summoned first (ie, successfully reached the field due to a Synchro Summon) then yes, you can summon them from the graveyard with cards like Call of the Haunted.
To Special Summon Judgment Dragon, you must have at least 4 different Lightsworn monsters in your Graveyard. Once this criteria is fullfilled, you can Special Summon it from your Hand onto the field.
Relinquished is Ritual Summoned with the Ritual Spell Card Black Illusion Ritual. It requires a monster as a Tribute to Special Summon Relinquished from your Hand. Once Relinquished is successfully Ritual Summoned, if it is sent to the Graveyard, it is eligible to be Special Summoned from it. You cannot Special Summon Relinquished from the Graveyard unless it was successfully Ritual Summoned first.
No, unless stated otherwise, a monster special summon effect works from the hand. Treeborn Frog special summons itself from the graveyard, because it says so. DD Survivor special summons itself from the removed from play zone, etc. But Dark Armed Dragon can only special summon itself from hand.
Unless specifically stated otherwise, a monster special summon method is for when it is in the hand only. So Treeborn Frog special summons itself from the graveyard because the effect says so. But Cyber Dragon special summons from hand - even though it does not say so, the hand is the default zone, it cannot special summon itself from the gfraveyard. Likewise, Hardened Armed Dragon must be in your hand to use its special summon effect.