It means that all of them are events in which we try to draw closer to God.
Yes.
Certain sins. In actual practice, the death penalty (in Judaism) has not been imposed for two thousand years.
In Judaism, the butterfly effect, refers to to the fact that tiny behaviors and events can have huge impact on one's life
In Jewish belief, Jesus may have lived as a person, but nothing more. His birth and death are not viewed as anything and he plays absolutely no role whatsoever in Judaism.
According to halakhah (Torah law), the deciding factor in death is presence or lack of a heartbeat.
It has caused people to live better and it also influeced christianity
There have not been priests in Judaism since the destruction of the second Temple in 70CE. As such, Judaism barely speaks about what might or might not happen after death. Although there are some loose ideas about what might happen, Judaism teaches that we just don't know for sure.
Judaism is passed along matrilineally.
Absolutely! One of the fundamental beliefs is that the beauty is internal not external.
Elizabeth Taylor was a convert to Judaism, which dictates that burial occurs as soon after death as possible. You can read more about Bereavement in Judaism, below.
In Traditional Judaism, generally no, but it depends on the situation. In Reform and liberal Judaism, absolutely yes.