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  • Penguins have a thick layer of fat underneath the skin which helps to store energy.
  • This thick layer of fat also insulates them.
  • Penguin feathers are specially designed. They are short and have an under-layer of fine woolly down, and easily shed water - a useful characteristic given that penguins spend up to 75% of their time in the water.
  • Penguin feathers are shaped to overlap, enabling better streamlining for penguins when they are in the water, and protection from the wind when they are on land.
  • Their body shape is also streamlined for rapid swimming and effective diving.
  • Penguin wings, which are really flippers, and their feet are prone to losing a lot of heat because they are less well insulated. However, this problem is minimised because the muscles that operate their feet and flippers are not located deeper in the warmer, protected regions of the penguin's body. Long tendons move their feet and flippers, so it doesn't matter when the feet and flippers get too cold as they can still be operated normally.
  • Penguins have dark feathers on the broad expanse of their backs. These black feathers absorb the heat of the sun, helping to warm up the birds.
  • Penguins have a specially designed circulatory system which can adjust to conserving or releasing heat to maintain a constant temperature.
  • Many species of penguins huddle together for warmth, and the eggs are incubated on the penguins' feet, where they get constant warmth.
  • Penguins have webbed feet - this gives them speed for swimming.
  • Penguins have solid bones that enable them to stay underwater for swimming and hunting. Flying birds have light, hollow bones, which could never withstand the stresses of this swimming.
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14y ago

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