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Light is the only energy source that can travel without a medium, so as it travels through empty space there is nothing to divert it and if Newton's law of motion, an object in motion stays in motion, stands true then 100% of the light from the sun should reach the earth. When the light hits the earth most of it is deflected or absorbed by the atmosphere.

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Whilst substantially true in itself the first sentence is not correct for 2 reasons.

1) The sun radiates its energy from its entire surface, therefore we receive only that from a small area of its surface.

2) Radiated energy from a point source - in astronomical scales the Sun's diameter is small compared to the distances - is attenuated by spreading as the surface of a sphere of increasing radius, so by an inverse-square law. (Area of a sphere's surface is proportional to radius squared.)

Therefore the flux density reaching us nearly 149 million km from the Sun, will be 1/ 149-squared that of its density only 1 million km from the Sun.

The mean solar energy flux at Earth's distance is 1370W/m^2, but that reaching the ground is far lower.

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Q: How does the amount of energy produced by the sun compare with the amount of energy that reaches earth from the sun?
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