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How does the lyon hypothesis effect duchenne muscular dystrophy?
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What is the hypothesis for does the volume of a container effect how quickly water will evaporate?
Not the volume is important but the area exposed to evaporation.
What is Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe recessive X-linked form of muscular dystrophy characterized by rapid progression of muscle degeneration, eventually leading to loss of ambulation and death. This affliction affects one in 3500 males, making it the most prevalent of muscular dystrophies.A:A very simple explanation of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is an X chromosome-linked, inherited, progressive, muscle wasting disease, which affects approximately one out of 3,500 male children.For explaining the nature of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), we might start with the chromosomes.Chromosomes are specifically folded DNA molecules. We speak of chromosomes rather than DNA, because in this form the DNA molecules are visible under the microscope, therefore, distinguishable from each other.In normal circumstances we have 46 nuclear chromosomes. In certain conditions, such as cancer (for example in cancerous 'HeLa cells'), the number of chromosomes could be different. The 46 chromosomes include 2 sex chromosomes as well. We inherit 23 nuclear chromosomes (22 plus 1 sex chromosome) from each of our parent.Females have two X chromosomes (XX), males have one X and one Y (XY). They each contribute one to their child. Since the mother has two X-es, she passes down one X, therefore the father's chromosomes decides the child's sex.Duchenne muscular dystrophy arises from the mother's defective sex chromosome. The disease is a recessive trait, meaning only one of the mothers' two XX sex chromosomes is defective and the other X chromosome is able to compensate.For this reason, if she passes the disease-carrying chromosome to her daughter, the daughter's disease-free paternal X chromosome would compensate. The girl will carry, and potentially be able to pass, the faulty chromosome to her child/children, but, she, herself, will not be at all, or just mildly, affected.If, however, her son gets the disease-carrying chromosome, he will not have that opportunity; due to his Y chromosome from his father, he cannot compensate. Unfortunately, he will get the full-blown disease.While the majority of the disease are inherited from the mother, as detailed above, 'spontaneous mutations', when the damage to the gene happens in the male child, is also possible.So, what is the role of the X chromosome in that disease?The long DNA molecules, therefore their tightly packed forms, the chromosomes, have specific areas, called 'genes'. Every chromosome has its 'own' specific genes on their 'own' specific areas. Those genes have the 'blueprints', the instructions, for the body to build proteins. Proteins are compounds, specific substances, which are essential to life; they are vital for every function, feature, and aspects of the body.If a gene is faulty, inherited from either or both parents, (Duchenne muscular dystrophy is inherited only from the mother), or damaged/changed by environmental factors (like radiation, chemicals, or others), also by life style (smoking for example), then it cannot provide a correct instruction to assemble a properly working protein.The fault arise from mistakes in the instruction; some parts are missing, others are repeated, and some are changed. It is like someone is building a cupboard. If the instruction gives the wrong dimensions for some parts or even omit some others parts, then it would be impossible to build a proper cupboard.Neither can the body assemble the protein, called 'dystrophin', from the improper instruction given by the defective Dystrophin gene of the X-chromosome.Dystrophin is a muscle protein with mechanical and protective functions. It might involve in cell to cell communications, as well. Due to the lack of dystrophin protein the muscles became weaker, damage easily, and gradually break down, waste away.Symptoms (difficulty in sitting unaided, delayed start for walking, frequent stumbling and falling, difficulty in getting up, for example), could start to appear as early as one year of age, and the disease quickly progresses to the stage when the child needs a wheelchair (around 8-12 years of age).Since the disease weakens not only the skeletal muscles, but all muscles, heart rhythm and the pumping ability of the heart are also affected. Likewise, breathing becomes difficult and needs assistance as the disease progresses to those involved muscles.Lifespan, unfortunately, is not expected to extend beyond 30 years. Cure is not possible at the present.Treatments are aimed to delay the wastage, steroid medication (with Vitamin D and calcium supplement to counteract its possible bone weakening side-effect), physiotherapy, and water exercises, possibility of low frequency electrical muscle stimulation, among others.Improving the quality of the patients' life includes corrective bone surgery (bone deformities occurs frequently) to improve posture and comfort, braces, use of wheelchair (manual then electric), heart medications/treatments, assistance with breathing (ventilator, masks, others), - education/information/help to parents and carers, for example.Research is ongoing, internationally, on several possible aspects; a few examples are:· 'Gene bandage', specifically designed for the protein assembling process to 'skip over' the faulty segment of the gene, enabling the production of dystrophin,· Implantation of stem cells,· 'utrophin-based therapy', Utrophin is another muscle protein with similar function. Research going on to use it for compensate for the lack of dystrophin,· Researching a drug (recently trialled in Diabetes Type 2 research, as well), which, also, could increase the level of HSP72 (a specific protein). HSP72 expected to improve muscle function, decrease muscle break down, and increase lifespan by 20 %,· and an older research into low frequency electrical muscle stimulation.
Explain why a control is needed in a valid experiment?
Because the scientific method means thinking of a hypothesis and proving a cause and effect in nature. If there is no control, then you can not prove the hypothesis of the cause and effect because you can not prove that your experiment caused the effect. If you have a theory that pepsi causes grass to grow, and with no control you manage to show that your lawn grew grass, how could you ever say that it was the pepsi that caused the growth unless your next door neighboors's yard died during the same time?
What is meant by orthoselection?
Orthoselection :A primary selective pressure of a directional kind, which results in a self-perpetuating evolutionary trend. Species selection, via the effect hypothesis, has been advanced as an alternative explanation for such trends.
What is a good hypothesis for what effect does watering have on how fast a plant grows for a seed?
My hypothesis is that optimal growth requires enough watering but not too much watering. If the growing plant does not get enough water, it will suffer from dehydration, but if it gets too much, it becomes vulnerable to attack by fungus. For hydroponic gardening, it is sometimes possible to grow a plant in water, with an added anti-fungal agent.
Who can effect by muscular dystrophy?
Anyone who plays lots ov sport :p
2 diseases of the system and how they affect the system?
polymyositis (directly effect muscle)dematomyositis (directly effect muscle)eaton-lambert syndrome (indirectly)kennedy syndrome (indirectly)myotonic dystrophy (indirectly)tenaie solium infection (directly)duchenne's muscular dystrophybecker's muscular dystrophycarnitine palmitoyl transferase deficiencyYou can go to: http://www.doctor-dubai.com/dr_info_display.asp?dr_id=1243 to get more information.
How does muscular dystrophy effect the body?
It breaks down the muscle cells, which leads to muscle weakness. Causing defects in the muscle proteins and the death of muscle cells and tissue.
Is there a disease for muscles?
The disease that is best known as a disease of the muscles is muscular dystrophy. Many neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis also have a serious effect on the muscles, since an inability to use the muscles will cause them to atrophy.
How does disease affect muscles?
An example of a disease that effect the muscular system is Lou Gehrig's in which the muscles become extremely deteriorated overtime so that eventually the muscles in your lungs that allow you to breath aren't able to function anymore and you suffocate.
What is a cause-effect relationship?
It is the relationship between something happening (an effect) and why it happens (what causes it). So a simple example would be if I push you (the cause) you will move (the effect).
Why have a null hypothesis?
Statistical tests are designed to test one hypothesis against another. Conventionally, the default hypothesis is that the results were obtained purely by chance and that there is no observed effect acting on the observations - ie the effect is null. The alternative is that there IS an effect.
How does the nervous system effect to the muscular system?
The nervous system tells the muscular system what to do.
What is needed to create a hypothesis?
cause and effect
What is null hypothesis in negatively stated in hypothesis formulated?
a negatively stated hypothesis. example: the application of horse manure has no significant effect!
3 examples of cause and effect hypothesis?
Give 3 example of cause and effect
What are the kind of hypothesis?
the 3 kinds of hypothesis are: 1. alternative: this is the hypothesis that is affirmative, positive, and approving..... this gives a positive possible result of the experiment. 2. null: this is a negative hypothesis about the experiment........ 3. cause and effect: this kind of hypothesis gives a cause and effect hypothesis.... this has the "if & then" clause...... (example: "if sunlight affects the growth of plants, then it might slow down or fasten the plant's growth.")
