How have engineers designed spacecraft to operate in the special conditions of space
This question is very broad. Engineers have developed countless technology to ensure a spaceship's survival in space. Its realy too much to list, but basically the goal is to protect a spaceship from the harmful environment of space, weather its radiation, temperature, or debris.
Different engineers do different things. Civil engineers may design dams, bridges, roads. Mechanical engineers design factories, production lines. Electrical engineers may design power systems, and chemical engineers design chemical manufacturing processes. Safety engineers design safe working procedures, and operating engineers operate boilers, locomotives, cranes, and large equipment. Aeronautical engineers design airplanes and spacecraft, and Marine engineers design ships. And there are others as well.
There would be less confusion and less waste. If you order something 6 units long there would be no question as to how long. The billion dollar Mars Observer was lost (it flew past Mars) because the engineers sent a command to burn a certain amount of fuel in order to correct the spacecraft's trajectory but they calculated and sent the value in cubic feet per minute while the spacecraft was designed to operate with liters per second.
Computers aren't discovered; they are DESIGNED to do what they do. Engineers and programmers worked to develope computers since the 1940's so they could compute and then designed them to print and draw and operate machinery, etc. The question is too general to give a precise answer.
Astronaut candidates are the most highly educated and skilled individuals, as well as physically fit. Not all of them are stereotypical astronauts, however. Many of the shuttle crew are "mission specialists", uniquely qualified professionals in their fields, as opposed to the pilots and engineers who operate the spacecraft.
Mechanical engineers design and operate all types of machinery.
The ISS is already a spacecraft. However, you cannot configure it as a lunar base, because it is designed to operate in orbit, not on any kind of terrain. It cannot be turned into some kind of starship either, since it is only designed for orbit, and cannot withstand fast travel.
If radio goes off when door is opened - normal condition vehicle designed to operate this way Also electric windows will operate after key removed before door is opened
Aerospace engineering is the branch of engineering behind the design, construction and science of aircraft and spacecraft. It is broken into two major and overlapping branches: aeronautical engineering and astronautical engineering. The former deals with craft that stay within Earth's atmosphere, and the latter deals with craft that operate outside of Earth's atmosphere.
no
no
The Space Shuttle is cheaper to operate because it can be used again and again. Other spacecraft can only be used once, then thrown away or recycled. Launching multi-stage rockets is very expensive, because most of the space craft is lost once it falls to Earth.