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If you refer to surface purity, very. if there is dirt, oil, rust, paint, even ink, the substance will get into the molten puddle, and weaken the weld. It may also effect the arc current enough to get porosity in the weld (bubbles) and then you are screwed. If you refer to base material purity (i.e. carbon content) Then not much unless you try to weld high carbon to low carbon (i.e. mild steel to cast iron) then you will run into all kinds of problems. heating up high carbon enough will melt low carbon. You may also notice arc fluxuation depending on carbon content.

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Q: How important is metal purity in welding?
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