Pre stressting, post stressing and loading.
Concrete is composed of cement and other cementitious materials such as fly ash and slag cement, coarse aggregate made of crushed stone, fine aggregate such as sand, water, and chemical admixtures. In reinforced concrete, steel is introduced in to the concrete. In plain concrete, no steel reinforcement is introduced. Generally tensile and compressive strength is taken by reinforced concrete and only compressive strength is taken by plain concrete
STIRRUPS
In reinforced concrete construction, the modular ratio refers to the modulus of elasticity of concrete to that of steel. It is used in structural design calculations to determine distribution of stresses between concrete and steel in beams and columns.
It is the one in which tensile stresses in the concrete are entirely obviated at working loads by having sufficiently high pre-stress in the member.
pretensioning is the process of inducing reverse stresses to concrete prior to design loading so as to achieve slender sectins thereby reducing cost. disadvantages of pretensioning are losses due to slip, etc
Actually concrete is not very good in tension therefore we have to introduce reinforcement which takes care of the tensile stresses. If we don't provide reinforcement, concrete will start showing cracks wherever tensile stresses overcome the concrete tensile strength.
The internal equilibrium is a balance condition between internal forces and the commulative integrated stresses.
Annealing can bring about ductility, soften material and it relieves internal stresses, This will improve the ability to work the metals when they are cold i.e. when bending steel in presses to make metal frames etc
Vernon Peter Jensen has written: 'Ultimate strength of reinforced concrete beams as related to the plasticity ratio of concrete' -- subject(s): Reinforced concrete, Girders, Testing, Strains and stresses 'Highway slab-bridges with curbs' -- subject(s): Girders, Bridges, Concrete, Strains and stresses, Concrete Bridges 'Solutions of certain rectangular slabs continuous over flexible supports' -- subject(s): Girders, Bridges, Concrete, Strains and stresses, Concrete Bridges
Concrete is composed of cement and other cementitious materials such as fly ash and slag cement, coarse aggregate made of crushed stone, fine aggregate such as sand, water, and chemical admixtures. In reinforced concrete, steel is introduced in to the concrete. In plain concrete, no steel reinforcement is introduced. Generally tensile and compressive strength is taken by reinforced concrete and only compressive strength is taken by plain concrete
STIRRUPS
The main building technique introduced by the Romans was the dome. Their invention of various weights of concrete made this possible.The main building technique introduced by the Romans was the dome. Their invention of various weights of concrete made this possible.The main building technique introduced by the Romans was the dome. Their invention of various weights of concrete made this possible.The main building technique introduced by the Romans was the dome. Their invention of various weights of concrete made this possible.The main building technique introduced by the Romans was the dome. Their invention of various weights of concrete made this possible.The main building technique introduced by the Romans was the dome. Their invention of various weights of concrete made this possible.The main building technique introduced by the Romans was the dome. Their invention of various weights of concrete made this possible.The main building technique introduced by the Romans was the dome. Their invention of various weights of concrete made this possible.The main building technique introduced by the Romans was the dome. Their invention of various weights of concrete made this possible.
The main building technique introduced by the Romans was the dome. Their invention of various weights of concrete made this possible.The main building technique introduced by the Romans was the dome. Their invention of various weights of concrete made this possible.The main building technique introduced by the Romans was the dome. Their invention of various weights of concrete made this possible.The main building technique introduced by the Romans was the dome. Their invention of various weights of concrete made this possible.The main building technique introduced by the Romans was the dome. Their invention of various weights of concrete made this possible.The main building technique introduced by the Romans was the dome. Their invention of various weights of concrete made this possible.The main building technique introduced by the Romans was the dome. Their invention of various weights of concrete made this possible.The main building technique introduced by the Romans was the dome. Their invention of various weights of concrete made this possible.The main building technique introduced by the Romans was the dome. Their invention of various weights of concrete made this possible.
The main building technique introduced by the Romans was the dome. Their invention of various weights of concrete made this possible.The main building technique introduced by the Romans was the dome. Their invention of various weights of concrete made this possible.The main building technique introduced by the Romans was the dome. Their invention of various weights of concrete made this possible.The main building technique introduced by the Romans was the dome. Their invention of various weights of concrete made this possible.The main building technique introduced by the Romans was the dome. Their invention of various weights of concrete made this possible.The main building technique introduced by the Romans was the dome. Their invention of various weights of concrete made this possible.The main building technique introduced by the Romans was the dome. Their invention of various weights of concrete made this possible.The main building technique introduced by the Romans was the dome. Their invention of various weights of concrete made this possible.The main building technique introduced by the Romans was the dome. Their invention of various weights of concrete made this possible.
they simply ar. just by thermal and struxtural means
Eivind Hognestad has written: 'What do we know about diagonal tension and web reinforcement in concrete?' -- subject(s): Shear (Mechanics), Concrete beams, Reinforced concrete construction, Strains and stresses
Internal forces are stresses and changes inside the material or body. External forces act independently upon an object.