Increasing divergence between reproductively isolated populations, occasionally leading to speciation, is one effect of evolution.
divergence / divergent evolution
There are no stages to evolution. It is a continuous process of adaptation and divergence.
Adaptation, divergence and speciation.
divergent evolution
divergence.
Basically, divergence is the "default mode" of evolution. So virtually all species you can think of would be examples of divergence. Even in cases of parallel and convergent evolution, the underlying genomes will continue to diverge. An often used example of divergent evolution in the morphological and behavioural sense is Darwin's finches.
Divergence is the growing apart of two lineages - lines of descent. Divergence may occur at the morphological, behavioural and developmental level, and will always occur at the genetic level, at least when two lineages are reproductively isolated from one another.
It does hint at common ancestry so it is "evidence" of evolution.
Evolution
There are no discrete speeds for evolution. A workable method for measuring evolution could be in terms of genetic divergence, measured, for instance, in nucleotide basepairs per million per year. For humans and chimps, such a method would yield an equivalent of about 600 bp divergence per generation, ie. about 0.01 bp per million bp per year.
In evolution the study of vertebrate forelimbs is related to the anatomical evidence from homology.