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Perhaps your question is not clear, but I am assuming that by "religious persecution" you refer to the early centuries of the Church. If so, the emperor was not a Christian and it is beyond cavil that Roman Emperors were still a strong government institution. Popes existed independently of the state. The papal line as popularly received traces through the early centuries - some were even exiled by the Roman Emperors. That these these two authoritative institutions existed at the same time is no difficulty as they were not in any way dependent on each other: the pope was the leader of a burgeoning religious movement that had no official political affiliations or legitimacy, the emperor was the pagan demigod and Roman head of state.

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Q: How is it believed by some that there was a Pope and an Emperor at the same time during religious persecution?
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