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How is mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) typing used in forensic science?
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What is DNA in the mitochondria?
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)is DNA found within a sub-cellular organelle called the mitochondrion. Interestingly, mitochondrial DNA is present as a loop, much like the bacterial genome. In addition, mtDNA does not contain any introns or non-coding sequences. mtDNA codes for proteins involved in the process of oxidative phosphorylation
Explain two ways mitochondria may be involved with aging?
Aging has been linked to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage in two ways. Mitochondrial DNA provides energy to the cells, when it gets damaged, it will not provide the energy that is needed to function properly, and then the host will get sick. Damaged mitochondrial DNA also plays a role in genetic diseases, it is similar to damaged mitochondrial DNA seen in older humans, but only the damage presents itself much sooner.
How can mutations or alterations in the mtDNA be inherited?
Mitochondria are able to replicate by themselves. When mitochondria replicate, a copy of the mitochondrial DNA is present in the daughter mitochondria as well. This is how they are passed on. Edit: Mitochondrial DNA is passed on maternally (ie the mito. that replicate in a new organism are derived from the mother/egg).
Difference between mitochondrial DNA and Nuclear DNA?
Unlike nuclear DNA, whose genes are rearranged in the process of recombination, there is usually no change in mtDNA from parent to offspring. Because of this, and the fact that the mutation rate of mtDNA is higher than that of nuclear DNA and is easily measured, mtDNA is a powerful tool for tracking matrilineage, and has been used in this role for tracking the ancestry of many species back hundreds of generations. Human mtDNA can also be used to identify individuals. == ==
Can mitochondrial DNA cause disorders in humans?
For many patients, mitochondrial disease is an inherited condition that runs in families (genetic). An uncertain percentage of patients acquire symptoms due to other factors, including mitochondrial toxins.It is important to determine which type of mitochondrial disease inheritance is present, in order to predict the risk of recurrence for future children. The types of mitochondrial disease inheritance include:DNA (DNA contained in the nucleus of the cell) inheritance. Also called autosomal inheritance. If this gene trait is recessive (one gene from each parent), often no other family members appear to be affected. There is a 25 percent chance of the trait occurring in other siblings.If this gene trait is dominant (a gene from either parent), the disease often occurs in other family members. There is a 50 percent chance of the trait occurring in other siblings.MtDNA (DNA contained in the mitochondria) inheritance.There is a 100 percent chance of the trait occurring in other siblings, since all mitochondria are inherited from the mother, although symptoms might be either more or less severe.Combination of mtDNA and nDNA defects:Relationship between nDNA and mtDNA and their correlation in mitochondrial formation is unknown
What does a mitochondrial genetic bottleneck result in?
The result is considerable variability in the amount of mutated mtDNA molecules that each of the offspring inherits
What does the prognosis for mitochondrial myopathies depend on?
Life expectancy for a person with a mitochondrial myopathy depends on many different circumstances, including the percentage of mtDNA that is mutated, the type of mutation, and the tissue in which it is mutated
How was the identification of nDNA mutations that cause mitochondrial myopathies first made?
first made when a nuclear gene involved in mtDNA replication was found to be defective in a disorder involving a patient with a mitochondrial myopathy
What is DNA in the mitochondria?
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)is DNA found within a sub-cellular organelle called the mitochondrion. Interestingly, mitochondrial DNA is present as a loop, much like the bacterial genome. In addition, mtDNA does not contain any introns or non-coding sequences. mtDNA codes for proteins involved in the process of oxidative phosphorylation
How is a diagnosis of mitochondrial myopathies confirmed?
A clinical diagnosis can be confirmed by laboratory studies, muscle biopsy , and molecular genetic evaluation, in which a geneticist analyzes the mtDNA
What is mtDNA?
MT chromosome, or Mitochondrial chromosomes, are found in the mitochondria of the cell. Mitochondria are structures within cells that convert the energy from food into a form that cells can use. Although most DNA is packaged in chromosomes within the nucleus, mitochondria also have a small amount of their own DNA.
What are the sources of DNA in a plant cell?
The nucleus (called nuclear DNA) and Extra nuclear DNA source: 1- chloroplasts (cpDNA) and 2- Mitochondrial (mtDNA).
Explain two ways mitochondria may be involved with aging?
Aging has been linked to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage in two ways. Mitochondrial DNA provides energy to the cells, when it gets damaged, it will not provide the energy that is needed to function properly, and then the host will get sick. Damaged mitochondrial DNA also plays a role in genetic diseases, it is similar to damaged mitochondrial DNA seen in older humans, but only the damage presents itself much sooner.
How can mutations or alterations in the mtDNA be inherited?
Mitochondria are able to replicate by themselves. When mitochondria replicate, a copy of the mitochondrial DNA is present in the daughter mitochondria as well. This is how they are passed on. Edit: Mitochondrial DNA is passed on maternally (ie the mito. that replicate in a new organism are derived from the mother/egg).
Difference between mitochondrial DNA and Nuclear DNA?
Unlike nuclear DNA, whose genes are rearranged in the process of recombination, there is usually no change in mtDNA from parent to offspring. Because of this, and the fact that the mutation rate of mtDNA is higher than that of nuclear DNA and is easily measured, mtDNA is a powerful tool for tracking matrilineage, and has been used in this role for tracking the ancestry of many species back hundreds of generations. Human mtDNA can also be used to identify individuals. == ==
What is the common DNA found in apes?
Biologists classify humans along with other species such as great apes. apes belong to a group known as the primates. The commaon DNA they share is Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear DNA (nDNA).
What is a unique feature of mtDNA?
out of the more than 1,000 mtDNA genomes within the cell, a new mutation in one of the mtDNA genomes can be replicated each time the cell divides, thus increasing the number of defective mtDNA genomes
