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The computer needs to know distance traveled and fuel used.

The distance is registered by the speedometer/odometer, which provides pulses to a computer. This is calibrated by the makers, to relate exactly how many pulses equals a mile.

The fuel is measured by flow meters built into the fuel lines. These flow meters also provide pulses related to exactly how much fuel is passing.

Modern cars all use fuel injection systems, that are controlled by a computer.

The fuel to the injectors, is precisely measured by the pulses provided to the injectors.

Instead of a flow meter, the pulse length can be used to measure how much fuel is being delivered.

The same Engine Management Computer that runs the engine, is also used to make calulations. Combining the input from the Speedometer to calculate Miles per Gallon and the result output to the display on the dashboard.

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Q: How is mpg measured electronically in car?
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