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The alveoli are tiny little sacs with walls only one cell thick, and they fill all but the conducting portion of the lungs.

Think about a single balloon filled with 1 liter of air. Now take 4 small balloons and fill them each with 250mL of air. The same amount of space will be taken up by the 4 smaller balloons as the 1 larger balloon, i.e. 1L, but the 4 smaller balloons have much greater surface area for gas diffusion.

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Q: How is the alveolar surface area so large?
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