In liquids by convection and by radiation in gases
Forces can be transferred in a liquid because liquids are considered to be continuous and deformable materials. When a force is applied to one part of a liquid, it causes the liquid molecules to transmit the force throughout the entire liquid volume through pressure. This allows the force to be transferred from one point to another within the liquid.
convection.
convection
Energy transfer from your hand to liquid occurs through conduction when your hand comes in contact with the liquid. Heat from your hand is transferred to the liquid molecules, increasing their kinetic energy and raising the temperature of the liquid.
Heat transfer in gases is called convection. It is the process by which heat is transferred through the movement of fluid (gas or liquid) particles. Convection occurs when hot air rises and cold air sinks, creating circulation and transferring heat in the process.
Convection needs something flowing to carry heat. That means a liquid, such as water, or a gas, such as air. Solids don't flow. They block convection.
Solid: Computer monitor Liquid: Water, liquid nitrogen Gas: Air (mix of many elements that are all gases)
In solids, energy is transferred through vibrations of particles called phonons. In liquids, energy is transferred by the movement of particles through convection and diffusion. In gases, energy is transferred mainly through collisions between gas molecules. In a vacuum, energy is transferred through electromagnetic radiation.
All gases can be caused to change state to liquids. By either cooling, compression or a combination of both, any gas can be liquefied. This change is a physical change, by the way.
Thermal energy is transferred through gas and liquid primarily through convection. In liquids and gases, heat transfer occurs as warmer, less dense areas rise and cooler, denser areas sink, creating a cycle of circulating currents that distribute the heat. This process helps to equalize temperature differences within the medium.
Gas are not liquid because it has a density of 1/10 % or 0.1% that of liquid.
convection