statute of limitations in most states is 2 years. (depends on the crime also)
Depending on the state and the crime...24 to 72 hours...after that you must be charged or released.
murder
....a 'misdemeanor.'
Probably a misdemeanor.
That is not possible, you must be arrested, charged and have a trial before you can be convicted of a crime.
As soon as they are placed under arrest.
More must be known about the incident. Was it actually a "crime" (i.e.: a statutory criminal offense), or was it simply a violation of institutional (i.e.: correction department) "rules?" If an actual crime then the same statute of liability applies as would if you were not already incarcerated.
You must be charged with something in order to be arraigned, and you must generally be presented to court to be arraigned within 24 hours of arrest. Of course, if you have already been charged with some offense but the police are still invistigating you on yet another, THAT charge can take as long as it takes them to produce probably cause.
In the US, yes. To even be charged, the accused must be arraigned and appear (or waive appearance) in a preliminary hearing.
In order for a person to be charged with a serious federal crime, a federal grand jury must be convened and an indictment issued. The Grand Jury and right to a trial by jury were put in place to make sure citizens weren't victimized by overly eager police officers and prosecutors.
the governor of the original state formally/legally requests it.
Yes, the Sixth Amendment requires that someone charged with a crime must be given a fair and speedy trial.