in his book principia in 1686 he published this rule.
Gravity was discovered long before Newton was around. Newton just postulated gravities relationships with acceleration and mass.
Newton didn't "discover" gravity... he sort of named it, and he figured out the equations by which it works, but it had been "discovered" long ago by the very first animal to fall down.These equations, along with a lot of other stuff, were set forth in a book called Principia Mathematica. It's not perfectly clear what the exact order was, but it's generally thought that he developed the calculus out of a general need for it in order to understand the workings of gravity, so "calculus" might be a good answer.
Kepler made discoveries regarding the planet's distance from the sun and how long it takes a planet to orbit the sun. In Newton's Version of Kepler's Third Law, Newton expands on these ideas by using his Theory of Gravity.
Even before Sir Isaac Newton was born, roughly 8 out of every 23 people had already noticed that when they jumped out of bed, their feet went to the floor, and that when they dropped something, it fell to the ground. Gravity was already quite universally known, whether or not that's what anybody called it, and it didn't need to be discovered. All Newton did was to accurately describe how it works. He published his explanation in 1690. But Newton's breakthrough was to realise that gravity is not just that well known constant force that gives people their weight, but it also acts between the Sun and the planets. The force between two objects is proportional to their masses and inversely to the square of the distance between them. Nobody jumping out of bed could ever have worked that one out. What the discovery allowed Newton to do was to explain how the planets move in elliptical orbits under the force of gravity, all the details. It allowed the mass of the Sun and planets to be calculated and it confirmed that the planets all move in stable orbits so that we don't have to worry about falling into the Sun ever - not for a couple billion years anyway.
Everyone knew all about gravity on Earth for as long as people knew about anything, but it took Newton to realize that this same force is what keeps the Moon in orbit around the Earth and the planets around the Sun, and was responsible for the tides. Einstein's (and Newton's) theory have as central features that mass (and energy in Einstein's model) create the effects of gravity, but do not explain (as far as I know) why this must be the case, and why there are not other sources of gravity.
Everyone knew all about gravity on Earth for as long as people knew about anything, but it took Newton to realize that this same force is what keeps the Moon in orbit around the Earth and the planets around the Sun, and was responsible for the tides. Einstein's (and Newton's) theory have as central features that mass (and energy in Einstein's model) create the effects of gravity, but do not explain (as far as I know) why this must be the case, and why there are not other sources of gravity.
The fact that objects fall towards the surface of our Earth is something known not only to humans long before Newton, but (in can be argued) by animals for 100s of millions before the first humanoid had a thought. Newton showed that the fall of an object on the surface of our Earth, AND the orbit of planets around our Sun, are the result of one and the same phenomena. In other words, the law of gravity applies equally outside our planet as it does on our planet.
Very little. It wasn't until Kepler that the relation between orbital period and the length of the axis of the orbit was found, and it wasn't until Newton that these relations could be derived from Newton's law of universal gravitation. Newton published his findings long after Galileo died.
There is a popular story that Isaac Newton was sitting beneath an apple tree when an apple dropped on his head and this inspired him to create his universal theory of gravitation. The story is probably an exaggeration. In Newton's account of the event he was sitting at his window at his home, Woolsthorpe Manor and watched an apple fall from a tree in the garden which turned his thoughts to gravity. The real discovery of Newton was not "gravity." The fact that things fall towards the Earth when they are dropped was known in pre-history. It wasn't even to suggest that gravity extended a long way and causes the orbits of the planets. This had already been suggested by Galileo Galilei. What Newton came up with was a formula for how big the force of gravity will be between any two objects and show that this accurately accounts for the motion of the moon and planets. The formula was so good that it remained in use as the best prediction of gravitational force until Einstein's theory of General Relativity in the 20th Century and is still used today where relativistic effects do not apply.
300 feet long.
Isaac Newton was observing an Apple Tree when an Apple fell from the tree near someone. So then he got the idea about Gravitational Force. :-)By Lloydy and Navonod
Isaac Newton lived in England throughout his 84 years.