The Sun is estimated, based on its size and energy production, to be about 5 billion years old.
"The Solar System", Roman Smoluchowski, Scientific American Library, 1983, page 6
Nuclear fuel can continue to react for hundreds of thousands of years. The sun, for one has been going on for billions of years. About 2 billion years ago, a natual nuclear fissile reaction began that continued for about 200,000 years.
This information is classified in most cases; however, it is safe to say that a typical nuclear ship has enough fuel to last for many many years. It varies depending on the country of manufacture, and the type of nuclear vessel you're referring to.
No. There is no possibility whatsoever of a nuclear power plant having a nuclear explosion. It is not physically, or even theoretically, possible for the core to be brought into a super-prompt critical geometry and held there long enough to consume enough fuel to "go nuclear".
Usually, the rods themselves are made of Uranium-238. The fuel inside the rods is Uranium-235, which is highly fissionable. The Uranium-238 is very heavy, and slows down the neutrons so that they can properly strike the U-235 atoms.
I think they are similar, but the cost of coal varies widely and transport can cost a lot. The costs of nuclear look good on paper but cost overruns are frequent and present predictions are not reliable as no plants have been built for a long time, in the US at least.
The nuclear fuel rods in the BWR design in Japan are about 12 feet long.
So long as there is a supply of fuel, yes.
This takes around 6.000.000 years but it could take longer depending on the amount of nuclear fuel spilt.
Recycling nuclear fuel does not eliminate the need for long term storage of spent fuel. Uranium fuel is routinely refined and recycled, but the process is messy, expensive and itself creates nuclear waste. Some long lived isotopes of fission will always need disposal somewhere.
Nuclear fuel can continue to react for hundreds of thousands of years. The sun, for one has been going on for billions of years. About 2 billion years ago, a natual nuclear fissile reaction began that continued for about 200,000 years.
Thousands of years at least
A nuclear powered submarine can remain submerged for as long as it has fuel rods and supplies for the crew.
Uranium minerals support a long way of transformations to become sintered pellets of uranium dioxide, the most common nuclear fuel.
Scientists centuries ago believed that a nuclear reaction which was very large would be capable of producing the energy of the sun, they thought this because when they experimented with nuclear reactions and measuring the energy produced the reaction of coal not burning long without being consumed.
The only usable way at present is in a nuclear reactor using a fission chain reaction, involving uranium fuel. In the future it is hoped to use nuclear fusion, but this is a long way off and many scientific and engineering problems have not been solved.
The sun is our local star. It is a giant fusion engine, and it is "burning" hydrogen and fusing it into helium at an enormous rate. But as long as it has fuel to drive the fusion process that is the sun's life, it will burn fuel continuously. It has been burning for about 4.5 billion years, and it has about that much more time left.
The UK has been nuclear for a very long time. It has lots of nuclear energy stations and lots of nuclear weapons.