The moon is in what is known as geosynchronous orbit with Earth. That means that the moon has an orbital period equal to the Earth's rotational period; it takes the same amount of time for the moon to revolve around Earth as it does for the Earth to rotate around its axis. So the side of the moon that you see is always the same.
The "New" moon is single point in time, when the moon is between the Earth and the Sun; it doesn't last even one hour. If the Moon is exactly between the Sun and Earth, then the shadow of the Moon will hit the Earth; we call this an "eclipse of the Sun".
A lunar eclipse occurs whenever the Moon passes through some portion of the Earth's shadow. This can occur only when the Sun, Earth, and Moon are aligned exactly, or very closely so, with the Earth in the middle. Hence, there is always a full moon the night of a lunar eclipse. The type and length of an eclipse depend upon the Moon's location relative to its orbital nodes. The next total lunar eclipse occurs on December 21, 2010.
Sun, Earth, Moon. The moon is covered by the Earth's shadow.
During a quarter moon, the Sun, Earth, and Moon are positioned at a right angle to each other. This alignment occurs when the Moon is either in its first quarter or last quarter phase, with the Earth located between the Sun and the Moon in the case of the first quarter, and the Moon positioned between the Earth and the Sun during the last quarter. As a result, half of the Moon's surface facing Earth is illuminated, creating the distinct half-moon appearance.
The length of each phase of the moon (new moon, first quarter, full moon, last quarter) is about 7 days. However, the exact duration can vary slightly due to the moon's orbital path and speed.
On Thursday the 3rd Feb 2011 it was a full Moon. On Friday the 11th Feb 2011 it will be a half Moon. Therefore on Saturday 5th Feb 2011 it was a waning Moon between full and half.
The appearance of each phase of the Moon is determined by its position relative to Earth and the Sun. As the Moon orbits Earth, different portions of its illuminated side become visible, creating the phases: New Moon (between Earth and Sun), First Quarter (90 degrees from the Sun), Full Moon (Earth between the Moon and Sun), and Last Quarter (90 degrees from the Sun in the opposite direction). This alignment affects the amount of sunlight reflecting off the Moon's surface that we can see from Earth. Thus, the cycle of phases is a result of the changing angles between the Sun, Earth, and Moon.
The correct order during a lunar eclipse is penumbral phase, partial phase, and then total phase. During a total lunar eclipse, the Earth comes between the Sun and the Moon, casting its shadow on the Moon.
During a new moon phase, the moon is not visible from Earth as it is located between the Earth and the sun. The Earth experiences a solar eclipse when this occurs. During a full moon phase, the entire sunlit side of the moon is visible from Earth. The Earth experiences a lunar eclipse when this occurs. Throughout the different phases, the moon exhibits varying amounts of illumination and visibility from Earth.
A "new moon" does not last at all. The phases of the moon as we see them are simply caused by the casting of the earth's shadow on the moon, thereby making only the lighted part visible, and this changes constantly as everything rotates. (Keep in mind we only see the moon after dark, which means the sun is on one side of the earth and the moon is on the other side - our side...therefore, our shadow is cast upon the moon.) Romantically speaking, the new moon seems to last a few days after its actual occurrance, but this depends more on how long you want it to last than on actual visual evidence. If you are in love, any phase of the moon can last forever.
The "new moon" is technically not visible at all. The Moon is directly between the Earth and the Sun and none of the illuminated part is visible from Earth. Sometime on the day of the new moon, the Moon will appear as a very thin crescent (last crescent or first crescent).